Understanding disease pathogenesis and host response of endemic malaria in previously exposed individuals compared to naïve individuals

Carnemolla AR, Benton AH

Pdf Page Numbers :- 235-240

Angelica R. Carnemolla¹ and Angela H. Benton^1,*

¹Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Blvd, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA

*Corresponding author: Angela Benton, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Blvd, Bradenton, FL (USA) 34211, USA. Tel.: 1(941)-782-5910; Email: abenton@lecom.edu

Received 20 March 2023; Revised 5 May 2023; Accepted 17 May 2023; Published 24 May 2023

Citation: Carnemolla AR, Benton AH. Understanding disease pathogenesis and host response of endemic malaria in previously exposed individuals compared to naïve individuals. J Med Sci Res. 2023; 11(3):235-240. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17727/JMSR.2023/11-43

Copyright: © 2023 Carnemolla AR et al. Published by KIMS Foundation and Research Center. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Abstract

Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are two major species of malaria that can establish a focus of infection in millions of individuals per year. Principally, this occurs in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world where malaria is endemic due to the ubiquity of the disease vector, the Anopheles mosquitos. Malaria takes the lives of thousands of infected individuals as the progression of disease symptoms having fatal consequences. This disease mainly affects children and pregnant women which poses a great public health concern. It is also a global economic burden from the millions of international dollars are aliquoted for research yearly. This review looks to discuss the pathogenesis of malaria, various host immune responses, the development of clinical immunity in reinfected individuals, and the effects that the presence of one species may have on the pathogenesis and disease outcome of another malarial species in co-infected individuals. Overall, this manuscript aims to provide an understanding of malarial infection and the differing host immune mechanisms of previously exposed individuals compared to those of naïve individuals in environments where malaria is of high prevalence. These highlights indicate a need for further research in order to better understand host-species and species-species interactions so that proper therapeutics and vaccinations may be developed as to not inhibit the beneficial effects species may have on one another in mixed species interactions as well as to aid in the development of clinical immunity.

Keywords: malaria; immunopathogenesis; anopheles; co-infection; plasmodium